○ Contactual
• Maternal
• "huddle"
○ Ingestive
• Overheating
• Undereating
○ Eliminative
• Elimination area
• Coprophy
○ Sexual
• Stallions & Mare
○ Epimeletic
• Mare & Foal
• "friends"
○ Et-epimeletic
• Calling
• Seperation Anxiety
○ Investigative
• Curiosity
○ Allelomimetic
• Mimicry
• Fight or flight
Sunday, February 24, 2013
T E E T H
○ Mandible - lower jaw
○ Maxillae - upper jaw
• carries the premolars and molars
○ Check incisors for age up to 9 years old
• 6 incisors in upper jaw
• 6 incisors in lower jaw
○ Canine teeth - only found in male
• in interdental spaces
○ There are 6 premolars, 6 molars in each jaw on every horse
○ Wolf teeth - small pointed teeth that appear at the base of the first premolar tooth.
○ A male horse has a range of 40-42 teeth
○ A female horse has a range of 36-38 teeth
○ I.C.P.M. - Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
• First incisor comes in at about 2.5- 3 years of age
• Second incisor comes in at 3.5 years
• Third incisor comes in at 4.5 years
• Canine teeth come in at about 4-5 years of age
○ Foals often don't have incisors visible at birth
○ The 12 incisors are all replaced by 4.5 years old
○Determine age between 6-9 years by using the wear or smoothness of the cups (indentations) in the incisors.
• Cups disappear from lower central, intermediate and corner incisors at 6-8 years.
• Cups disappear from upper central, intermediate and corner incisors at 9-11 years.
• At 10 years, the Galvayne's groove appears at
the gum line of the upper corner incisor.
• Galvayne's groove is halfway down by 15 years old, and all the way down by 20 years.
• At 30 years old, Galvayne's groove has completely disappeared from the corner incisor
○ As the horse ages, the chewing surfaces of the teeth change from oval to triangular
○ Environmental conditions affect the wear of the incisors.
○ The horse is capable of lateral grinding of the jaw while chewing (side to side)
• causes sharp surfaces on the inner edge of the lower molars & outer edge of the upper
molars.
• the sharp surfaces can cause damage to the soft tissues of the mouth, like the tongue
and the cheek
• results in need of floating- filing the sharp edges of the tooth
• damage is not recognized by many horse owners
• also can result in weight loss, change in eating behavior, head tossing with a bit in its
mouth, sides of the face becomes sensitive to pressure.
○ Abnormalities in the jaw bone can result in an overshot jaw(parrot mouth) or and undershot jaw(monkey mouth).
• Interferes with successful grazing.
○ Maxillae - upper jaw
• carries the premolars and molars
○ Check incisors for age up to 9 years old
• 6 incisors in upper jaw
• 6 incisors in lower jaw
○ Canine teeth - only found in male
• in interdental spaces
○ There are 6 premolars, 6 molars in each jaw on every horse
○ Wolf teeth - small pointed teeth that appear at the base of the first premolar tooth.
○ A male horse has a range of 40-42 teeth
○ A female horse has a range of 36-38 teeth
○ I.C.P.M. - Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
• First incisor comes in at about 2.5- 3 years of age
• Second incisor comes in at 3.5 years
• Third incisor comes in at 4.5 years
• Canine teeth come in at about 4-5 years of age
○ Foals often don't have incisors visible at birth
○ The 12 incisors are all replaced by 4.5 years old
○Determine age between 6-9 years by using the wear or smoothness of the cups (indentations) in the incisors.
• Cups disappear from lower central, intermediate and corner incisors at 6-8 years.
• Cups disappear from upper central, intermediate and corner incisors at 9-11 years.
• At 10 years, the Galvayne's groove appears at
the gum line of the upper corner incisor.
• Galvayne's groove is halfway down by 15 years old, and all the way down by 20 years.
• At 30 years old, Galvayne's groove has completely disappeared from the corner incisor
○ As the horse ages, the chewing surfaces of the teeth change from oval to triangular
○ Environmental conditions affect the wear of the incisors.
○ The horse is capable of lateral grinding of the jaw while chewing (side to side)
• causes sharp surfaces on the inner edge of the lower molars & outer edge of the upper
molars.
• the sharp surfaces can cause damage to the soft tissues of the mouth, like the tongue
and the cheek
• results in need of floating- filing the sharp edges of the tooth
• damage is not recognized by many horse owners
• also can result in weight loss, change in eating behavior, head tossing with a bit in its
mouth, sides of the face becomes sensitive to pressure.
○ Abnormalities in the jaw bone can result in an overshot jaw(parrot mouth) or and undershot jaw(monkey mouth).
• Interferes with successful grazing.
Skeletal System notes!
○ Consists of trunk & limbs.
• trunk: skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone.
○ Ligaments: binds the bones together to form joints.
○ Tendons: muscles attached to bones.
○ Bones protect vital organs.
○ Bones act as levers, stores minerals, and are the site of blood cell formation.
○ There are 205 bones in the horse's skeletal system.
• vertebral column - 54
• ribs - 36
• sternum - 1
• skull - 34 - irregular
• thoracic limbs - 40
• pelvic limbs - 40
○ Bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular.
• Long bones - act as levers & aid in support of weight and locomotion
• Locomotion: the ability to move from one place to another.
• Short bones - absorb concussion
• found in complex joints such as knees, hocks, fetlocks..
• Flat bones - enclose cavities containing vital organs.
(skull: brain ; ribs: heart & lungs)
• also provide large areas for attachment of muscles.
• Irregular bones - protects the central nervous system
○ Periosteum: a tough membrane that covers the bones throughout the body except at their points of articulation.
• protects the bones
• site of healing if there is a fracture
• abnormal growth is called extosis
• injury may result in undesirable bone growths (splints, spavins, ringbone)
• covered with a thick, smooth cartilage that reduces concussion and friction.
○ Cranial Cavity - protects the brain and supports many sense organs
○ Orbital Cavity - bony socket that surrounds and protects the eye
○ Nasal Cavity - passageway the the respiratory system
○ Oral Cavity - mouth - passageway to the digestive tract
• trunk: skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone.
○ Ligaments: binds the bones together to form joints.
○ Tendons: muscles attached to bones.
○ Bones protect vital organs.
○ Bones act as levers, stores minerals, and are the site of blood cell formation.
○ There are 205 bones in the horse's skeletal system.
• vertebral column - 54
• ribs - 36
• sternum - 1
• skull - 34 - irregular
• thoracic limbs - 40
• pelvic limbs - 40
○ Bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular.
• Long bones - act as levers & aid in support of weight and locomotion
• Locomotion: the ability to move from one place to another.
• Short bones - absorb concussion
• found in complex joints such as knees, hocks, fetlocks..
• Flat bones - enclose cavities containing vital organs.
(skull: brain ; ribs: heart & lungs)
• also provide large areas for attachment of muscles.
• Irregular bones - protects the central nervous system
○ Periosteum: a tough membrane that covers the bones throughout the body except at their points of articulation.
• protects the bones
• site of healing if there is a fracture
• abnormal growth is called extosis
• injury may result in undesirable bone growths (splints, spavins, ringbone)
• covered with a thick, smooth cartilage that reduces concussion and friction.
○ Cranial Cavity - protects the brain and supports many sense organs
○ Orbital Cavity - bony socket that surrounds and protects the eye
○ Nasal Cavity - passageway the the respiratory system
○ Oral Cavity - mouth - passageway to the digestive tract
Wednesday, November 7, 2012
Conformation
Equine conformation evaluates the degree of correctness of a horse's bone structure, musculature, and its body proportions in relation to each other. Undesirable conformation can limit the ability to perform a specific task. Although there are several universal "faults," a horse's conformation is usually judged by what its intended use may be.
Here's some examples of conformation faults in the legs.
Here's some examples of conformation faults in the legs.
Also, here's a link i found that may help evaluating conformation:
Discussion questions from my 2nd period.
I found some work from the book in my binder and i was thinking it MIGHT be good to mention on here, because you know, it's educational and it wont hurt to put it down.
○ The amount of the pasture required per horse depends on the use of the pasture, how it's managed, the kind of pasture, and the amount of moisture available.
○ Pastures should often be fertilized and horses should be rotated.
○ Silage may be used to replace up to one half of the hay in horse's ration.
○ Legume hay has a higher protein and mineral content. Grass hay is lower in protein and needs to be fed with a protein supplement.
○ Oats decrease digestive problems, corn is higher in energy, but needs to be fed with care, barley needs to be rolled or crushed to be fed to horses.
○ Soybean feed is high in protein and has a good balance of amino acids, cotton seed meal isn't as palatable as soybean meal but it's used widely in the southwest for protein supplement.
○ Pelleted feed is very convenient and there's often less waste, but they're generally more expensive and horses tend to chew on bedding and wood more when fed.
○ Horses drink 10-12 gallons of water per day. Hard working horses drink more and hot weather increases the need for water.
I hope this helped, you guys! (:
○ The amount of the pasture required per horse depends on the use of the pasture, how it's managed, the kind of pasture, and the amount of moisture available.
○ Pastures should often be fertilized and horses should be rotated.
○ Silage may be used to replace up to one half of the hay in horse's ration.
○ Legume hay has a higher protein and mineral content. Grass hay is lower in protein and needs to be fed with a protein supplement.
○ Oats decrease digestive problems, corn is higher in energy, but needs to be fed with care, barley needs to be rolled or crushed to be fed to horses.
○ Soybean feed is high in protein and has a good balance of amino acids, cotton seed meal isn't as palatable as soybean meal but it's used widely in the southwest for protein supplement.
○ Pelleted feed is very convenient and there's often less waste, but they're generally more expensive and horses tend to chew on bedding and wood more when fed.
○ Horses drink 10-12 gallons of water per day. Hard working horses drink more and hot weather increases the need for water.
I hope this helped, you guys! (:
Tuesday, November 6, 2012
More random bonus questions.
Title says it all...
(*)Give 3 other names for a saddle blanket. --Numnah, pad, corona.
(*)Name 4 of the internal parts of the horse that are affected and damaged by the EIA virus. --Kidneys, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, brain.
(*)Give 5 advantages of pelleted horse feed. --Less bulky to store; balanced ration; less waste; eliminates dusty feed; less fattening; less pollution.
(*)Name 4 conformation defects of the horse's knees. --calf knees; bucked knees; benchkneed or offset knees; cut out under the knee; knock kneed or in at the knee; mis-alignment of the knees.
(*)Name the 7 joints in the hind quarter. -- Hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin, sacro-iliac
(*)Name 6 grass hays. --Timothy, brome, orchardgrass, bermuda grass, bluegrass, bluegramma, bluestern, fescue, wheatgrass, reed canarygrass, rye grass, sudangrass
(*)What are the 2 bones in the gaskin? --Tibia and Fibula.
(*)What does the panniculus muscle do in the horse? --It moves the skin and shakes flies off the horse.
(*)Name 3 vitamins that can be toxic if given in large amounts. --Vitamins A, D, & K.
(*)What are 3 sources of dietary energy? --Carbohydrates, Fats, and Protein.
(*)What 4 electrolytes are lost in sweat and urine during physical exertion? --Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Calcium.
(*)Give 3 other names for a saddle blanket. --Numnah, pad, corona.
(*)Name 4 of the internal parts of the horse that are affected and damaged by the EIA virus. --Kidneys, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, brain.
(*)Give 5 advantages of pelleted horse feed. --Less bulky to store; balanced ration; less waste; eliminates dusty feed; less fattening; less pollution.
(*)Name 4 conformation defects of the horse's knees. --calf knees; bucked knees; benchkneed or offset knees; cut out under the knee; knock kneed or in at the knee; mis-alignment of the knees.
(*)Name the 7 joints in the hind quarter. -- Hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin, sacro-iliac
(*)Name 6 grass hays. --Timothy, brome, orchardgrass, bermuda grass, bluegrass, bluegramma, bluestern, fescue, wheatgrass, reed canarygrass, rye grass, sudangrass
(*)What are the 2 bones in the gaskin? --Tibia and Fibula.
(*)What does the panniculus muscle do in the horse? --It moves the skin and shakes flies off the horse.
(*)Name 3 vitamins that can be toxic if given in large amounts. --Vitamins A, D, & K.
(*)What are 3 sources of dietary energy? --Carbohydrates, Fats, and Protein.
(*)What 4 electrolytes are lost in sweat and urine during physical exertion? --Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Calcium.
BONUS QUESTIONS.
These are just some questions i saw in my bonus packet that i think would be pretty good to look over. So here we go!
(*) Body condition scores are scored on a scale of 1 to 9.
(*)What coat color is smoky or mouse colored with a black mane and tail? --Grulla
(*)What is the difference in unsoundness and blemishes? --Unsoundness is a diviation in the function of the structure that interferes with the horses intended use or performance. Blemishes are abnormalities that may or may not affect the serviceability of the horses performance.
(*)Name 3 signs the mare may show within 24 hours of parturition. --Wax on nipples, muscle cramps, frequent urination, nervousness, sweating, walking around stall.
(*)What is the horny growth behind the fetlock joints called? --Ergot
(*)What are two types of equine encephalomyelitis commonly seen in North America? --Eastern EE and Western EE
Yeah, Kayce and Christine may already know most of these, but it'll help us all! C:
(*) Body condition scores are scored on a scale of 1 to 9.
(*)What coat color is smoky or mouse colored with a black mane and tail? --Grulla
(*)What is the difference in unsoundness and blemishes? --Unsoundness is a diviation in the function of the structure that interferes with the horses intended use or performance. Blemishes are abnormalities that may or may not affect the serviceability of the horses performance.
(*)Name 3 signs the mare may show within 24 hours of parturition. --Wax on nipples, muscle cramps, frequent urination, nervousness, sweating, walking around stall.
(*)What is the horny growth behind the fetlock joints called? --Ergot
(*)What are two types of equine encephalomyelitis commonly seen in North America? --Eastern EE and Western EE
Yeah, Kayce and Christine may already know most of these, but it'll help us all! C:
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