○ Contactual
• Maternal
• "huddle"
○ Ingestive
• Overheating
• Undereating
○ Eliminative
• Elimination area
• Coprophy
○ Sexual
• Stallions & Mare
○ Epimeletic
• Mare & Foal
• "friends"
○ Et-epimeletic
• Calling
• Seperation Anxiety
○ Investigative
• Curiosity
○ Allelomimetic
• Mimicry
• Fight or flight
Sunday, February 24, 2013
T E E T H
○ Mandible - lower jaw
○ Maxillae - upper jaw
• carries the premolars and molars
○ Check incisors for age up to 9 years old
• 6 incisors in upper jaw
• 6 incisors in lower jaw
○ Canine teeth - only found in male
• in interdental spaces
○ There are 6 premolars, 6 molars in each jaw on every horse
○ Wolf teeth - small pointed teeth that appear at the base of the first premolar tooth.
○ A male horse has a range of 40-42 teeth
○ A female horse has a range of 36-38 teeth
○ I.C.P.M. - Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
• First incisor comes in at about 2.5- 3 years of age
• Second incisor comes in at 3.5 years
• Third incisor comes in at 4.5 years
• Canine teeth come in at about 4-5 years of age
○ Foals often don't have incisors visible at birth
○ The 12 incisors are all replaced by 4.5 years old
○Determine age between 6-9 years by using the wear or smoothness of the cups (indentations) in the incisors.
• Cups disappear from lower central, intermediate and corner incisors at 6-8 years.
• Cups disappear from upper central, intermediate and corner incisors at 9-11 years.
• At 10 years, the Galvayne's groove appears at
the gum line of the upper corner incisor.
• Galvayne's groove is halfway down by 15 years old, and all the way down by 20 years.
• At 30 years old, Galvayne's groove has completely disappeared from the corner incisor
○ As the horse ages, the chewing surfaces of the teeth change from oval to triangular
○ Environmental conditions affect the wear of the incisors.
○ The horse is capable of lateral grinding of the jaw while chewing (side to side)
• causes sharp surfaces on the inner edge of the lower molars & outer edge of the upper
molars.
• the sharp surfaces can cause damage to the soft tissues of the mouth, like the tongue
and the cheek
• results in need of floating- filing the sharp edges of the tooth
• damage is not recognized by many horse owners
• also can result in weight loss, change in eating behavior, head tossing with a bit in its
mouth, sides of the face becomes sensitive to pressure.
○ Abnormalities in the jaw bone can result in an overshot jaw(parrot mouth) or and undershot jaw(monkey mouth).
• Interferes with successful grazing.
○ Maxillae - upper jaw
• carries the premolars and molars
○ Check incisors for age up to 9 years old
• 6 incisors in upper jaw
• 6 incisors in lower jaw
○ Canine teeth - only found in male
• in interdental spaces
○ There are 6 premolars, 6 molars in each jaw on every horse
○ Wolf teeth - small pointed teeth that appear at the base of the first premolar tooth.
○ A male horse has a range of 40-42 teeth
○ A female horse has a range of 36-38 teeth
○ I.C.P.M. - Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
• First incisor comes in at about 2.5- 3 years of age
• Second incisor comes in at 3.5 years
• Third incisor comes in at 4.5 years
• Canine teeth come in at about 4-5 years of age
○ Foals often don't have incisors visible at birth
○ The 12 incisors are all replaced by 4.5 years old
○Determine age between 6-9 years by using the wear or smoothness of the cups (indentations) in the incisors.
• Cups disappear from lower central, intermediate and corner incisors at 6-8 years.
• Cups disappear from upper central, intermediate and corner incisors at 9-11 years.
• At 10 years, the Galvayne's groove appears at
the gum line of the upper corner incisor.
• Galvayne's groove is halfway down by 15 years old, and all the way down by 20 years.
• At 30 years old, Galvayne's groove has completely disappeared from the corner incisor
○ As the horse ages, the chewing surfaces of the teeth change from oval to triangular
○ Environmental conditions affect the wear of the incisors.
○ The horse is capable of lateral grinding of the jaw while chewing (side to side)
• causes sharp surfaces on the inner edge of the lower molars & outer edge of the upper
molars.
• the sharp surfaces can cause damage to the soft tissues of the mouth, like the tongue
and the cheek
• results in need of floating- filing the sharp edges of the tooth
• damage is not recognized by many horse owners
• also can result in weight loss, change in eating behavior, head tossing with a bit in its
mouth, sides of the face becomes sensitive to pressure.
○ Abnormalities in the jaw bone can result in an overshot jaw(parrot mouth) or and undershot jaw(monkey mouth).
• Interferes with successful grazing.
Skeletal System notes!
○ Consists of trunk & limbs.
• trunk: skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone.
○ Ligaments: binds the bones together to form joints.
○ Tendons: muscles attached to bones.
○ Bones protect vital organs.
○ Bones act as levers, stores minerals, and are the site of blood cell formation.
○ There are 205 bones in the horse's skeletal system.
• vertebral column - 54
• ribs - 36
• sternum - 1
• skull - 34 - irregular
• thoracic limbs - 40
• pelvic limbs - 40
○ Bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular.
• Long bones - act as levers & aid in support of weight and locomotion
• Locomotion: the ability to move from one place to another.
• Short bones - absorb concussion
• found in complex joints such as knees, hocks, fetlocks..
• Flat bones - enclose cavities containing vital organs.
(skull: brain ; ribs: heart & lungs)
• also provide large areas for attachment of muscles.
• Irregular bones - protects the central nervous system
○ Periosteum: a tough membrane that covers the bones throughout the body except at their points of articulation.
• protects the bones
• site of healing if there is a fracture
• abnormal growth is called extosis
• injury may result in undesirable bone growths (splints, spavins, ringbone)
• covered with a thick, smooth cartilage that reduces concussion and friction.
○ Cranial Cavity - protects the brain and supports many sense organs
○ Orbital Cavity - bony socket that surrounds and protects the eye
○ Nasal Cavity - passageway the the respiratory system
○ Oral Cavity - mouth - passageway to the digestive tract
• trunk: skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone.
○ Ligaments: binds the bones together to form joints.
○ Tendons: muscles attached to bones.
○ Bones protect vital organs.
○ Bones act as levers, stores minerals, and are the site of blood cell formation.
○ There are 205 bones in the horse's skeletal system.
• vertebral column - 54
• ribs - 36
• sternum - 1
• skull - 34 - irregular
• thoracic limbs - 40
• pelvic limbs - 40
○ Bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular.
• Long bones - act as levers & aid in support of weight and locomotion
• Locomotion: the ability to move from one place to another.
• Short bones - absorb concussion
• found in complex joints such as knees, hocks, fetlocks..
• Flat bones - enclose cavities containing vital organs.
(skull: brain ; ribs: heart & lungs)
• also provide large areas for attachment of muscles.
• Irregular bones - protects the central nervous system
○ Periosteum: a tough membrane that covers the bones throughout the body except at their points of articulation.
• protects the bones
• site of healing if there is a fracture
• abnormal growth is called extosis
• injury may result in undesirable bone growths (splints, spavins, ringbone)
• covered with a thick, smooth cartilage that reduces concussion and friction.
○ Cranial Cavity - protects the brain and supports many sense organs
○ Orbital Cavity - bony socket that surrounds and protects the eye
○ Nasal Cavity - passageway the the respiratory system
○ Oral Cavity - mouth - passageway to the digestive tract
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)