Here's some examples of conformation faults in the legs.
Also, here's a link i found that may help evaluating conformation:
Wednesday, November 7, 2012
Conformation
Equine conformation evaluates the degree of correctness of a horse's bone structure, musculature, and its body proportions in relation to each other. Undesirable conformation can limit the ability to perform a specific task. Although there are several universal "faults," a horse's conformation is usually judged by what its intended use may be.
Here's some examples of conformation faults in the legs.
Here's some examples of conformation faults in the legs.
Discussion questions from my 2nd period.
I found some work from the book in my binder and i was thinking it MIGHT be good to mention on here, because you know, it's educational and it wont hurt to put it down.
○ The amount of the pasture required per horse depends on the use of the pasture, how it's managed, the kind of pasture, and the amount of moisture available.
○ Pastures should often be fertilized and horses should be rotated.
○ Silage may be used to replace up to one half of the hay in horse's ration.
○ Legume hay has a higher protein and mineral content. Grass hay is lower in protein and needs to be fed with a protein supplement.
○ Oats decrease digestive problems, corn is higher in energy, but needs to be fed with care, barley needs to be rolled or crushed to be fed to horses.
○ Soybean feed is high in protein and has a good balance of amino acids, cotton seed meal isn't as palatable as soybean meal but it's used widely in the southwest for protein supplement.
○ Pelleted feed is very convenient and there's often less waste, but they're generally more expensive and horses tend to chew on bedding and wood more when fed.
○ Horses drink 10-12 gallons of water per day. Hard working horses drink more and hot weather increases the need for water.
I hope this helped, you guys! (:
○ The amount of the pasture required per horse depends on the use of the pasture, how it's managed, the kind of pasture, and the amount of moisture available.
○ Pastures should often be fertilized and horses should be rotated.
○ Silage may be used to replace up to one half of the hay in horse's ration.
○ Legume hay has a higher protein and mineral content. Grass hay is lower in protein and needs to be fed with a protein supplement.
○ Oats decrease digestive problems, corn is higher in energy, but needs to be fed with care, barley needs to be rolled or crushed to be fed to horses.
○ Soybean feed is high in protein and has a good balance of amino acids, cotton seed meal isn't as palatable as soybean meal but it's used widely in the southwest for protein supplement.
○ Pelleted feed is very convenient and there's often less waste, but they're generally more expensive and horses tend to chew on bedding and wood more when fed.
○ Horses drink 10-12 gallons of water per day. Hard working horses drink more and hot weather increases the need for water.
I hope this helped, you guys! (:
Tuesday, November 6, 2012
More random bonus questions.
Title says it all...
(*)Give 3 other names for a saddle blanket. --Numnah, pad, corona.
(*)Name 4 of the internal parts of the horse that are affected and damaged by the EIA virus. --Kidneys, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, brain.
(*)Give 5 advantages of pelleted horse feed. --Less bulky to store; balanced ration; less waste; eliminates dusty feed; less fattening; less pollution.
(*)Name 4 conformation defects of the horse's knees. --calf knees; bucked knees; benchkneed or offset knees; cut out under the knee; knock kneed or in at the knee; mis-alignment of the knees.
(*)Name the 7 joints in the hind quarter. -- Hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin, sacro-iliac
(*)Name 6 grass hays. --Timothy, brome, orchardgrass, bermuda grass, bluegrass, bluegramma, bluestern, fescue, wheatgrass, reed canarygrass, rye grass, sudangrass
(*)What are the 2 bones in the gaskin? --Tibia and Fibula.
(*)What does the panniculus muscle do in the horse? --It moves the skin and shakes flies off the horse.
(*)Name 3 vitamins that can be toxic if given in large amounts. --Vitamins A, D, & K.
(*)What are 3 sources of dietary energy? --Carbohydrates, Fats, and Protein.
(*)What 4 electrolytes are lost in sweat and urine during physical exertion? --Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Calcium.
(*)Give 3 other names for a saddle blanket. --Numnah, pad, corona.
(*)Name 4 of the internal parts of the horse that are affected and damaged by the EIA virus. --Kidneys, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, brain.
(*)Give 5 advantages of pelleted horse feed. --Less bulky to store; balanced ration; less waste; eliminates dusty feed; less fattening; less pollution.
(*)Name 4 conformation defects of the horse's knees. --calf knees; bucked knees; benchkneed or offset knees; cut out under the knee; knock kneed or in at the knee; mis-alignment of the knees.
(*)Name the 7 joints in the hind quarter. -- Hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin, sacro-iliac
(*)Name 6 grass hays. --Timothy, brome, orchardgrass, bermuda grass, bluegrass, bluegramma, bluestern, fescue, wheatgrass, reed canarygrass, rye grass, sudangrass
(*)What are the 2 bones in the gaskin? --Tibia and Fibula.
(*)What does the panniculus muscle do in the horse? --It moves the skin and shakes flies off the horse.
(*)Name 3 vitamins that can be toxic if given in large amounts. --Vitamins A, D, & K.
(*)What are 3 sources of dietary energy? --Carbohydrates, Fats, and Protein.
(*)What 4 electrolytes are lost in sweat and urine during physical exertion? --Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Calcium.
BONUS QUESTIONS.
These are just some questions i saw in my bonus packet that i think would be pretty good to look over. So here we go!
(*) Body condition scores are scored on a scale of 1 to 9.
(*)What coat color is smoky or mouse colored with a black mane and tail? --Grulla
(*)What is the difference in unsoundness and blemishes? --Unsoundness is a diviation in the function of the structure that interferes with the horses intended use or performance. Blemishes are abnormalities that may or may not affect the serviceability of the horses performance.
(*)Name 3 signs the mare may show within 24 hours of parturition. --Wax on nipples, muscle cramps, frequent urination, nervousness, sweating, walking around stall.
(*)What is the horny growth behind the fetlock joints called? --Ergot
(*)What are two types of equine encephalomyelitis commonly seen in North America? --Eastern EE and Western EE
Yeah, Kayce and Christine may already know most of these, but it'll help us all! C:
(*) Body condition scores are scored on a scale of 1 to 9.
(*)What coat color is smoky or mouse colored with a black mane and tail? --Grulla
(*)What is the difference in unsoundness and blemishes? --Unsoundness is a diviation in the function of the structure that interferes with the horses intended use or performance. Blemishes are abnormalities that may or may not affect the serviceability of the horses performance.
(*)Name 3 signs the mare may show within 24 hours of parturition. --Wax on nipples, muscle cramps, frequent urination, nervousness, sweating, walking around stall.
(*)What is the horny growth behind the fetlock joints called? --Ergot
(*)What are two types of equine encephalomyelitis commonly seen in North America? --Eastern EE and Western EE
Yeah, Kayce and Christine may already know most of these, but it'll help us all! C:
Reproductive System - Mare.
The reproductive system of the mare is responsible for controlling gestation, birth, lactation, as well as the estrous cycle and mating behavior of the mare. It lies ventral to the 4th or 5th lumbar vertebrae, although its position within the mare can vary depending on the movement of the intestines and distention of the bladder.
The mare has two ovaries, usually 7 to 8 centimeters (2.8 to 3.1 in) in length and 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 in) thick, that generally tend to decrease in size as the mare ages. In equine ovaries, unlike in humans, the vascular tissue is cortical to follicular tissue, so ovulation can only occur at an ovulation fossa near the infundibulum. The ovaries connect to the fallopian tubes (oviducts), which serve to move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. To do so, the oviducts are lined with a layer of cil which produce a current that flows toward the uterus. Each oviduct attaches to one of the two horns of the uterus, which are approximately 20 to 25 centimeters (7.9 to 9.8 in) in length. These horns attach to the body of the uterus (18 to 20 centimeters (7.1 to 7.9 in) long). The equine uterus is bipartite, meaning the two uterine horns fuse into a relatively large uterine body (resembling a shortened bicornuate uterus or a stretched simplex uterus). Caudal to the uterus is the cervix, about 5 to 7 centimeters (2.0 to 2.8 in) long, which separates the uterus from the vagina. Usually 3.5 to 4 centimeters (1.4 to 1.6 in) in diameter with longitudinal folds on the interior surface, it can expand to allow the passage of the foal. The vagina of the mare is 15 to 20 centimeters (5.9 to 7.9 in) long, and is quite elastic, allowing it to expand. The vulva is the external opening of the vagina, and consists of the clitoris and two labia. It lies ventral to the rectum. The mare has two mammary glands, which are smaller in virgin mares. They have two ducts each, which open externally.
The mare has two ovaries, usually 7 to 8 centimeters (2.8 to 3.1 in) in length and 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 in) thick, that generally tend to decrease in size as the mare ages. In equine ovaries, unlike in humans, the vascular tissue is cortical to follicular tissue, so ovulation can only occur at an ovulation fossa near the infundibulum. The ovaries connect to the fallopian tubes (oviducts), which serve to move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. To do so, the oviducts are lined with a layer of cil which produce a current that flows toward the uterus. Each oviduct attaches to one of the two horns of the uterus, which are approximately 20 to 25 centimeters (7.9 to 9.8 in) in length. These horns attach to the body of the uterus (18 to 20 centimeters (7.1 to 7.9 in) long). The equine uterus is bipartite, meaning the two uterine horns fuse into a relatively large uterine body (resembling a shortened bicornuate uterus or a stretched simplex uterus). Caudal to the uterus is the cervix, about 5 to 7 centimeters (2.0 to 2.8 in) long, which separates the uterus from the vagina. Usually 3.5 to 4 centimeters (1.4 to 1.6 in) in diameter with longitudinal folds on the interior surface, it can expand to allow the passage of the foal. The vagina of the mare is 15 to 20 centimeters (5.9 to 7.9 in) long, and is quite elastic, allowing it to expand. The vulva is the external opening of the vagina, and consists of the clitoris and two labia. It lies ventral to the rectum. The mare has two mammary glands, which are smaller in virgin mares. They have two ducts each, which open externally.
Anatomy - Digestive System.
The mouth.
Digestion begins in the mouth, which is also called the "oral cavity." It is made up of the teeth, the hard palate, the soft palate, the tongue and related muscles, the cheeks and the lips. Horses also have three pairs of salivary glands, the parotid (largest salivary gland and located near the poll), submaxillary (located in the jaw), and sublingual (located under the tongue). Horses select pieces of forage and pick up finer foods, such as grain, with their sensitive, prehensile lips. The front teeth of the horse, called incisors, clip forage, and food is then pushed back in the mouth by the tongue, and ground up for swallowing by the premolars and molars.
The esophagus.
The esophagus is about 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 m) in length, and carries food to the stomach. A muscular ring, called the cardiac sphincter, connects the stomach to the esophagus. This sphincter is very well developed in horses. This and the oblique angle at which the esophagus connects to the stomach explains why horses cannot vomit.The esophagus is also the area of the digestive tract where horses may suffer from choke.
The stomach.
Horses have a relatively small stomach for their size, and this limits the amount of feed a horse can take in at one time. The average sized horse (800 to 1,200 pounds (360 to 540 kg)) has a stomach with a capacity of around 4 US gallons (15 L), and works best when it contains about 2 US gallons (7.6 L). Because the stomach empties when 2/3 full, whether stomach enzymes have completed their processing of the food or not, and doing so prevents full digestion and proper utilization of feed, continuous foraging or several small feedings per day are preferable to one or two large ones. The horse stomach consists of a non-glandular proximal region (saccus cecus), divided by a distinct border, the margo plicatus, from the glandular distal stomach.
In the stomach, assorted acids and the enzyme pepsin break down food. Pepsin allows for the further breakdown of proteins into amino acid chains. Other enzymes include resin and lipase. Additionally, the stomach absorbs some water, as well as ions and lipid soluble compounds. The end product is food broken down into chyme. It then leaves the stomach through the pyloric valve, which controls the flow of food out of stomach.
The Small Intestine.
The horse’s small intestine is 50 to 70 feet (15 to 21 m) long and holds 10 to 12 US gallons (38 to 45 L). This is the major digestive organ, and where most nutrients are absorbed. It has three parts, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The majority of digestion occurs in the duodenum while the majority of absorption occurs in the jejunum. Bile from the liver aids in digesting fats in the duodenum combined with enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine . Horses do not have a gall bladder, so bile flows constantly. Most food is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine, including proteins, simple carbohydrate, fats, and vitamins A, D, and E. Any remaining liquids and roughage move into the large intestine.
The Large Intestine.
The cecum is the first section of the large intestine. It is also known as the "water gut" or "hind gut." It is about 4 feet (1.2 m) long that holds 7 to 8 US gallons (26 to 30 L). It contains bacteria that digest cellulose plant fiber through fermentation. These bacteria feed upon digestive chyme, and also produce certain fat-soluble vitamins which are absorbed by the horse. The reason horses must have their diets changed slowly is so the bacteria in the cecum are able to modify and adapt to the different chemical structure of new feedstuffs. Too abrupt a change in diet can cause colic, as the new food is not properly digested.
The large colon, small colon, and rectum make up the remainder of the large intestine. The large colon is 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7 m) long and holds up to 20 US gallons (76 L) of semi-liquid matter. It is made up of the right ventral (lower) colon, the left ventral colon, the left dorsal (upper) colon, the right dorsal colon, and the transverse colon, in that order. Three flexures are also named; the sternal flexure, between right and left ventral colon; the pelvic flexure, between left ventral and left dorsal colon; the diaphragmatic flexure, between left dorsal and right dorsal colon. The main purpose of the large colon is to absorb carbohydrates, which were broken down from cellulose in the cecum. Due to its many twists and turns, it is a common place for a type of horse colic called an impaction.
The small colon is 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7 m) in length and holds only 5 US gallons (19 L) of material. It is the area where the majority of water in the horse's diet is absorbed, and is the place where fecal balls are formed. The rectum is about 1 foot (30 cm) long, and acts as a holding chamber for waste matter, which is then expelled from the body via the anus.
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